Semnani language

Open the encyclopedia PDF (in Russian)

Volume 6. Iranian languages. II. North-Western Iranian languages
(The file will be loaded and then opened in a new window or tab on the relevant page)

Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Northwestern Iranian

Geography

Main country: Iran (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: semn1251
ISO-639-3: smy

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Absent [A‑5‑2]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8]	Vowel opposition in labialization	Present for central and back vowels [A‑8‑6]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑11]	Vowel opposition in pharyngealization	No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12]	Vowel opposition in ATR	No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only pharyngeal [A‑21‑1]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑23‑2]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial and coronal [A‑24‑7]
[A‑25]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Basic prosodic unit	Stress [B‑1‑1]
[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3]	Character of prosodic unit by its choice	Phonological [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4]	Stress type (quality characteristics)	Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5]	Stress fixedness	Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑6]	Fixed stress types	Limited [B‑6‑2]
[B‑7]	Stress pattern in inflection	Flexible and fixed [B‑7‑3]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	First syllable [B‑9‑1]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Second syllable [B‑9‑2]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Ultima [B‑9‑4]
[B‑16]	Target of vowel harmony	No vowel harmony [B‑16‑9]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]
[C‑3]	Consonant clusters in syllable	Consonant clusters are possible at both the onset and the coda of syllable [C‑3‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	Absent [D‑1‑1]
[D‑3]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Absent [D‑3‑1]
[D‑5]	Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words	Mostly monosyllabic and bisyllabic words [D‑5‑2]
[D‑6]	Differences between content and function words	Absent [D‑6‑1]
[D‑8]	Differences between native and borrowed words	Absent [D‑8‑1]
[D‑10]	Differences between roots and affixes	Absent [D‑10‑1]
[D‑12]	Functional type of alternations	Accompanying and distinctive [D‑12‑4]
[D‑13]	Type of altenations	Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑13‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Analytic with elements of synthetism [E‑4‑3]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	Absent [F‑5‑1]
[F‑6]	Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender	For "one" [F‑6‑3]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Absent [F‑7‑1]
[F‑8]	Opposition by person/non-person	Lexical [F‑8‑1]
[F‑9]	Expression of animacy/inanimacy	Lexical [F‑9‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3]	Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs	Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative [G‑4‑2]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	One-two [H‑1‑1]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Oblique [H‑4‑5]
[H‑6]	Means of expressing spatial relations	Adpositions [H‑6‑12]
[H‑7]	Dependent nouns in possessive constructions	Dependent marking [H‑7‑1]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑19]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns and adpositions [J‑2‑16]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Adpositions [J‑3‑9]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑5]	Morphological expression of (in)definiteness	Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Incorporation and preposition [J‑9‑6]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑10]	Tense expressed by participle	Past [K‑10‑4]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation [L‑1‑6]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Prefixes [L‑2‑1]

Simple sentence

[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features