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Parachi language

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PDFVolume 6. Iranian languages. II. North-Western Iranian languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Northwestern Iranian

Geography

Main country: Afghanistan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Four [A‑1‑3]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Number of length degrees Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for central and back vowels [A‑8‑6]
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Alveolar and retroflex [A‑19‑17]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only pharyngeal [A‑21‑1]
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑23‑2]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial and coronal [A‑24‑7]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants By aspiration [A‑25‑19]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Basic prosodic unit Stress [B‑1‑1]
[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Phonological and non-phonological [B‑3‑3]
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑6] Fixed stress types Limited [B‑6‑2]
[B‑7] Stress pattern in inflection Flexible and fixed [B‑7‑3]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers First syllable [B‑9‑1]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers Ultima [B‑9‑4]
[B‑15] Length character Phonological [B‑15‑1]
[B‑16] Target of vowel harmony No vowel harmony [B‑16‑9]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]
[C‑3] Consonant clusters in syllable Consonant clusters are only possible at the coda of syllable [C‑3‑3]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Present [D‑1‑2]
[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Absent [D‑3‑1]
[D‑5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words Mostly monosyllabic and bisyllabic words [D‑5‑2]
[D‑6] Differences between content and function words Present [D‑6‑2]
[D‑7] Types of differences between content and function words Differences in accentuation [D‑7‑2]
[D‑8] Differences between native and borrowed words Present [D‑8‑2]
[D‑9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words Differences in phonetic structure [D‑9‑1]
[D‑10] Differences between roots and affixes Absent [D‑10‑1]
[D‑12] Functional type of alternations Accompanying and distinctive [D‑12‑4]
[D‑13] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑13‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Internal flection and cumulative flections [E‑2‑10]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑3]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical and morphological [F‑8‑4]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical, morphological, and syntactic [F‑9‑7]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal with elements of vigesimal [G‑6‑3]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Subject and object personal pronouns, prepositions, verbal agreement, and word order [H‑2‑15]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Possessive [H‑4‑4]
[H‑7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions Head and dependent marking [H‑7‑3]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Auxiliary verb + participle [I‑1‑18]
[I‑2] Voice stacking in the same verb form Absent [I‑2‑2]
[I‑4] Voice forms coincidence Absent [I‑4‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Special type of agreement [I‑10‑5]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Adpositions [J‑3‑9]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Noun affixes [J‑5‑2]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles, prepositions, pronouns and numerals [J‑6‑23]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles [J‑8‑3]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Articles Only indefinite [K‑2‑2]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Different [K‑3‑2]
[K‑4] Article place Postposition [K‑4‑2]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject and object [K‑8‑3]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present, past and future [K‑10‑10]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Absent [K‑11‑1]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number, case, and (in)definiteness [K‑16‑14]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Internal and external flection and affixes [K‑18‑13]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑2] Derivation affixes Suffixes [L‑2‑2]
[L‑3] Stems relations in stem compounding Apposition [L‑3‑7]

Simple sentence

[M‑2] Word order fixedness Relatively free [M‑2‑3]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Preposition or postposition [M‑4‑4]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

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