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Old Japanese language†

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Volume 3. Mongolian languages. Tungus languages. The Japanese language. The Korean language
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Genealogy

Altaic → Japonic

Geography

Main country: Japan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: oldj1239
ISO-639-3: ojp

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Absent [A‑5‑2]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Absent [A‑7‑2]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives and fricatives [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, velar/uvular and laryngeal [A‑17‑4]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Only bilabial [A‑18‑1]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only glottal [A‑21‑2]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	By labialization and palatalization [A‑22‑5]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid and glide [A‑23‑3]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑24‑14]
[A‑25]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	By palatalization [A‑25‑3]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Basic prosodic unit	Stress and tones [B‑1‑4]
[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Mora [B‑2‑2]
[B‑3]	Character of prosodic unit by its choice	Non-phonological [B‑3‑2]
[B‑4]	Stress type (quality characteristics)	Pitch-accent [B‑4‑3]
[B‑5]	Stress fixedness	Flexible [B‑5‑1]
[B‑10]	Tonema types	Level [B‑10‑1]
[B‑11]	Number of level tones	Two [B‑11‑1]
[B‑12]	Level tone types	High [B‑12‑2]
[B‑12]	Level tone types	Low [B‑12‑4]
[B‑13]	Number of contour tone levels	One [B‑13‑1]
[B‑14]	Contour tonema types	Falling by 1-2 levels [B‑14‑5]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	No null onset [C‑1‑1]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Most syllables have a null coda [C‑2‑3]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional-agglutinative [E‑1‑5]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3]	Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs	Neutral, polite, and impolite [G‑3‑3]

Case meanings

No filled features for this language.

Verbal categories

[I‑1]	Voice forms expression	Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑2]	Voice stacking in the same verb form	Present [I‑2‑1]
[I‑3]	Double voice forms	Passive and causative [I‑3‑1]
[I‑4]	Voice forms coincidence	Absent [I‑4‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Postposition [J‑9‑4]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Six types of conjugation [K‑7‑5]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

No filled features for this language.

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]
[M‑5]	Pro-drop	Possible [M‑5‑1]

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
[A-12] Vowel opposition in ATR
[A-15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features
[A-19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation
[A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-7] Stress pattern in inflection
[B-15] Length character
[B-16] Target of vowel harmony
[B-17] Feature of vowel harmony
[B-18] Trigger of vowel harmony
[B-19] Other suprasegmental phenomena
[B-20] Types of phonation
[C-3] Consonant clusters in syllable
[D-1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[D-6] Differences between content and function words
[D-7] Types of differences between content and function words
[D-8] Differences between native and borrowed words
[D-9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words
[D-10] Differences between roots and affixes
[D-11] Types of differences between roots and affixes
[D-12] Functional type of alternations
[D-13] Type of altenations
[E-2] Fusional type features
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[F-5] Attributive agreement in gender
[F-6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
[F-8] Opposition by person/non-person
[F-9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy
[G-4] Agreement in number
[G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
[G-6] Numeral system
[H-1] Number of noun cases
[H-2] Subject and object marking
[H-3] Case of nominal predicate
[H-4] Case marking of possessive relations
[H-5] Other means of expressing possessive relations
[H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
[H-7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions
[H-8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns
[H-9] Secondary cases
[I-5] Tense forms
[I-6] Aspect and tense expression
[I-7] Expression of tense categories
[I-8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings
[I-9] Marking of person in present tense verbs
[I-10] Transitivity marker
[J-1] Pronominal words
[J-2] Expression of deictic categories
[J-3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
[J-6] Words expressing (in)definiteness
[J-7] Grammatical ways to express politeness
[K-1] Personal pronouns inflection
[K-8] Verb agreement types
[K-9] Agreement categories expressed in participle
[K-10] Tense expressed by participle
[K-11] Adverb grammar categories
[K-12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective
[K-13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective
[K-14] Attribute agreement of adjectives
[K-15] Attributive agreement types
[K-16] Inflectional categories of noun
[K-17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun
[K-18] Inflection means
[L-1] Word formation means
[L-2] Derivation affixes
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-2] Word order fixedness
[N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
[N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
[N-3] Dependent clause predicate
[N-4] Compound sentence types
[N-5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton

The encyclopedia explicitly states lack of data

[A-9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization

Feature is not applicable to this language

[A-6] Number of length degrees
[A-8] Vowel opposition in labialization
[A-10] Vowel opposition in nasalization
[A-14] Types of diphthongs
[B-6] Fixed stress types
[B-8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
[B-9] Limited stress carriers
[F-2] Morphological expression of agreement classes
[F-3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
[K-4] Article place
[K-5] Position of article in noun phrase
[K-6] Grammar categories of article