Norwegian language

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Volume 10. Germanic languages. Celtic languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic

Geography

Main country: Norway (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Glottolog: norw1258
ISO-639-3: nor
PHOIBLE: norw1258
WALS: nor

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14]	Types of diphthongs	Falling (descending) [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives and fricatives [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑19]	Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation	Dental, alveolar and postalveolar [A‑19‑14]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only glottal [A‑21‑2]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑24‑17]
[A‑25]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	By length [A‑25‑7]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Basic prosodic unit	Stress and tones [B‑1‑4]
[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3]	Character of prosodic unit by its choice	Phonological and non-phonological [B‑3‑3]
[B‑4]	Stress type (quality characteristics)	Pitch-accent and dynamic [B‑4‑4]
[B‑5]	Stress fixedness	Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑6]	Fixed stress types	Strictly fixed [B‑6‑1]
[B‑8]	Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)	First syllable [B‑8‑1]
[B‑10]	Tonema types	Contour [B‑10‑2]
[B‑13]	Number of contour tone levels	Two [B‑13‑2]
[B‑14]	Contour tonema types	Rising [B‑14‑1]
[B‑14]	Contour tonema types	Falling-rising [B‑14‑7]
[B‑15]	Length character	Phonological and rhythmic [B‑15‑5]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]
[C‑3]	Consonant clusters in syllable	Consonant clusters are possible at both the onset and the coda of syllable [C‑3‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	Present [D‑1‑2]
[D‑2]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	Limited set of consonants possible [D‑2‑4]
[D‑2]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	Limitations on consonant sequences (combinations) [D‑2‑5]
[D‑3]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Present [D‑3‑2]
[D‑4]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Limited set of consonants possible [D‑4‑4]
[D‑4]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Limitations on consonant sequences (combinations) [D‑4‑5]
[D‑6]	Differences between content and function words	Present [D‑6‑2]
[D‑7]	Types of differences between content and function words	Differences in phonetic structure [D‑7‑1]
[D‑7]	Types of differences between content and function words	Differences in accentuation [D‑7‑2]
[D‑7]	Types of differences between content and function words	Differences in syllable structure [D‑7‑3]
[D‑8]	Differences between native and borrowed words	Present [D‑8‑2]
[D‑9]	Types of differences between native and borrowed words	Differences in phonetic structure [D‑9‑1]
[D‑9]	Types of differences between native and borrowed words	Differences in accentuation [D‑9‑2]
[D‑10]	Differences between roots and affixes	Present [D‑10‑2]
[D‑11]	Types of differences between roots and affixes	Differences in phonetic structure [D‑11‑1]
[D‑11]	Types of differences between roots and affixes	Accentual differences [D‑11‑2]
[D‑11]	Types of differences between roots and affixes	Differences in syllable structure [D‑11‑3]
[D‑11]	Types of differences between roots and affixes	Differences in number of syllables [D‑11‑5]
[D‑12]	Functional type of alternations	Accompanying and distinctive [D‑12‑4]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑2]	Fusional type features	Internal flection, several declension types, phonetically unconditioned stem alternations [E‑2‑14]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑2]	Morphological expression of agreement classes	Articles [F‑2‑1]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Adjectives, pronouns, participles, and articles [F‑3‑15]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	Only in singular [F‑5‑2]
[F‑6]	Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender	For "one" [F‑6‑3]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Person/non-person [F‑7‑2]
[F‑8]	Opposition by person/non-person	Lexical, morphological and syntactic [F‑8‑7]
[F‑9]	Expression of animacy/inanimacy	Lexical and syntactic [F‑9‑4]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3]	Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs	Neutral and polite [G‑3‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Attributive [G‑4‑3]
[G‑6]	Numeral system	Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	One-two [H‑1‑1]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5]	Other means of expressing possessive relations	Possessive pronouns and prepositions [H‑5‑19]
[H‑6]	Means of expressing spatial relations	Adverbs and prepositional-nominal constructions [H‑6‑35]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑4]	Voice forms coincidence	Passive, reflexive, middle and reciprocal [I‑4‑6]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7]	Expression of tense categories	Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑14]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	Absent [I‑9‑1]
[I‑10]	Transitivity marker	Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronominal adverbs, adjectives and nouns [J‑1‑10]
[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and articles [J‑2‑44]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Prepositions [J‑3‑3]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5]	Morphological expression of (in)definiteness	Suffixed definite article [J‑5‑15]
[J‑6]	Words expressing (in)definiteness	Articles and adjectives [J‑6‑13]
[J‑7]	Grammatical ways to express politeness	Pronouns distinguishing polite forms [J‑7‑1]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative particles, affixes, pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions [J‑8‑30]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2]	Articles	Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4]
[K‑3]	Indefinite article and numeral 'one'	Same [K‑3‑1]
[K‑4]	Article place	Preposition and postposition [K‑4‑3]
[K‑5]	Position of article in noun phrase	Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑6]	Grammar categories of article	Definiteness, gender and number [K‑6‑9]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Four types of conjugation [K‑7‑4]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9]	Agreement categories expressed in participle	Gender and number [K‑9‑6]
[K‑10]	Tense expressed by participle	Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑11]	Adverb grammar categories	Degrees of comparison [K‑11‑2]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In (in)definiteness [K‑15‑8]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18]	Inflection means	Internal and external flection and affixes [K‑18‑13]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑2]

Derivation affixes

Prefixes, suffixes, suprafixes and interfixes [L‑2‑20]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑3]	Dependent clause predicate	Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4]	Compound sentence types	Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5]	Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton	Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-4] Degrees of vowel backness
[A-8] Vowel opposition in labialization
[A-11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
[A-12] Vowel opposition in ATR
[A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-16] Target of vowel harmony
[B-17] Feature of vowel harmony
[B-18] Trigger of vowel harmony
[B-20] Types of phonation
[D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
[H-3] Case of nominal predicate
[I-2] Voice stacking in the same verb form
[I-3] Double voice forms
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-2] Word order fixedness
[M-5] Pro-drop
[N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
[N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences