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Gilaki language

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PDFVolume 6. Iranian languages. II. North-Western Iranian languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Northwestern Iranian

Geography

Main country: Iran (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees Close [A‑3‑1]
[A‑4] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Number of length degrees Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for central and back vowels [A‑8‑6]
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only pharyngeal [A‑21‑1]
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑23‑2]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial and coronal [A‑24‑7]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Basic prosodic unit Stress [B‑1‑1]
[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Phonological [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑6] Fixed stress types Limited [B‑6‑2]
[B‑7] Stress pattern in inflection Flexible and fixed [B‑7‑3]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers First syllable [B‑9‑1]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers Ultima [B‑9‑4]
[B‑15] Length character Phonological [B‑15‑1]
[B‑16] Target of vowel harmony Affix [B‑16‑3]
[B‑17] Feature of vowel harmony Backness and height [B‑17‑6]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]
[C‑3] Consonant clusters in syllable Consonant clusters are only possible at the coda of syllable [C‑3‑3]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Present [D‑1‑2]
[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Absent [D‑3‑1]
[D‑6] Differences between content and function words Absent [D‑6‑1]
[D‑8] Differences between native and borrowed words Absent [D‑8‑1]
[D‑10] Differences between roots and affixes Absent [D‑10‑1]
[D‑12] Functional type of alternations Distinctive [D‑12‑3]
[D‑13] Type of altenations Consonant alternations [D‑13‑2]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑4] Other means of expressing agreement classes Numeral classifiers [F‑4‑2]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Person/non-person and animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑4]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical and syntactic [F‑8‑5]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical and syntactic [F‑9‑4]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular [G‑5‑1]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Noun affixes and adpositions [H‑6‑21]
[H‑7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions Head and dependent marking [H‑7‑3]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑5] Tense forms Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑18]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Adpositions [J‑3‑9]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Different cases for definite and indefinite objects [J‑5‑10]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles and pronouns [J‑6‑24]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Prohibitive affixes [J‑8‑2]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Incorporation and preposition [J‑9‑6]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Articles Only indefinite [K‑2‑2]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Same [K‑3‑1]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition [K‑4‑1]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Past [K‑10‑4]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Degrees of comparison [K‑11‑2]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Case [K‑16‑2]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number [K‑16‑4]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑2] Word order fixedness Relatively free [M‑2‑3]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Preposition or postposition [M‑4‑4]

Complex sentence

[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

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