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Gaulish language†

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Volume 10. Germanic languages. Celtic languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Celtic → Continental Celtic

Geography

Main country: Turkey (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: cisa1237, gala1252, tran1282
ISO-639-3: xcg, xga, xtg

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Absent [A‑7‑2]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14]	Types of diphthongs	Falling (descending) [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and velar/uvular [A‑17‑1]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Only bilabial [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19]	Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation	Dental and alveolar [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and guttural [A‑24‑16]
[A‑25]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Basic prosodic unit	Stress [B‑1‑1]
[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑15]	Length character	Phonological [B‑15‑1]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]
[C‑3]	Consonant clusters in syllable	Consonant clusters are possible at both the onset and the coda of syllable [C‑3‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑3]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Present [D‑3‑2]
[D‑4]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Limited set of consonants possible [D‑4‑4]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑2]	Fusional type features	Cumulative affixes [E‑2‑2]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Three [F‑1‑3]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Adjectives [F‑3‑6]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular, dual and plural [G‑1‑2]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑2]	Subject and object marking	Verbal agreement [H‑2‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1]	Voice forms expression	Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑7]	Expression of tense categories	Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Person, number and gender/ aspect and tense [I‑8‑9]

Deictic categories

[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Prepositions [J‑3‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Gender, number and case [K‑12‑10]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Gender, number and case [K‑13‑7]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Gender / agreement class, number and case [K‑17‑11]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑2]	Word order fixedness	Non-fixed [M‑2‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑5]

Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton

Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
[A-12] Vowel opposition in ATR
[A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-16] Target of vowel harmony
[B-17] Feature of vowel harmony
[B-18] Trigger of vowel harmony
[B-19] Other suprasegmental phenomena
[B-20] Types of phonation
[D-1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[D-6] Differences between content and function words
[D-7] Types of differences between content and function words
[D-8] Differences between native and borrowed words
[D-9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words
[D-10] Differences between roots and affixes
[D-11] Types of differences between roots and affixes
[D-12] Functional type of alternations
[D-13] Type of altenations
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[F-5] Attributive agreement in gender
[F-6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
[F-7] Nouns classifying categories
[F-8] Opposition by person/non-person
[F-9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy
[G-3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs
[G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
[G-6] Numeral system
[H-3] Case of nominal predicate
[H-4] Case marking of possessive relations
[H-5] Other means of expressing possessive relations
[H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
[H-8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns
[I-2] Voice stacking in the same verb form
[I-3] Double voice forms
[I-4] Voice forms coincidence
[I-6] Aspect and tense expression
[I-9] Marking of person in present tense verbs
[I-10] Transitivity marker
[J-1] Pronominal words
[J-4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
[J-6] Words expressing (in)definiteness
[J-7] Grammatical ways to express politeness
[J-8] Expression of negation
[J-9] Negation marker position
[K-1] Personal pronouns inflection
[K-2] Articles
[K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
[K-4] Article place
[K-5] Position of article in noun phrase
[K-6] Grammar categories of article
[K-7] Number of conjugation types
[K-9] Agreement categories expressed in participle
[K-10] Tense expressed by participle
[K-11] Adverb grammar categories
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-4] Order of nouns and its modifier
[M-5] Pro-drop
[N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
[N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
[N-3] Dependent clause predicate

The encyclopedia explicitly states lack of data

[B-3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice
[B-4] Stress type (quality characteristics)
[B-5] Stress fixedness
[B-6] Fixed stress types
[B-7] Stress pattern in inflection
[B-8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
[B-9] Limited stress carriers

Feature is not applicable to this language

[A-8] Vowel opposition in labialization
[A-10] Vowel opposition in nasalization
[A-21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation
[B-10] Tonema types
[B-11] Number of level tones
[B-12] Level tone types
[B-13] Number of contour tone levels
[B-14] Contour tonema types